Yes, poor Nolan was wrapped up in awful circumstances.
Yes, 'born' vampires are born, 'made' vampires are turned. If I'm not mistaken, a bit of a ritual is needed (involving hieroglyphics to invoke the gifts of Anubis?) to truly turn another person (along with blood exchange), and it must be done with sober consent. Only humans are versatile enough to be transformed into other species (vampires, werewolves, etc.). Their mortality is like a clean slate. A vampire, however, cannot turn a werewolf and vice versa.
Yes, indeed. Only Eli's green is missing.